Table 6 Pharmacological potential of S. androgynus
Activity | Part used; Extract; Application; Animal/cell lines | Animal model/In vitro study (Dose); Reference control; Activity (Reference) | Toxicity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibacterial activity | Leaf; ethanol extract; i.p. administration; vannamei shrimp larvae (0.01Â g) | Vibrio sp.; 600, 800, 1000, 1200Â ppm of Sauropus leaf extract; w/o reference | NA | [43] |
Leaf; ethanol and aqueous; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus | Disc diffusion method; 0.04Â mg/ml; gentamicin | NA | [188] | |
Leaf; aqueous, ethanol and methanol; Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium | Disc diffusion method; Streptomycin | NA | [49] | |
Stem; methanol; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium sp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus | Broth microdilution method; 1Â mg/ml | NA | [129] | |
Callus and leaf; methanol; E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. typhi | Disc diffusion method | NA | [223] | |
Antioxidant activity | Leaf; ethanol; intraperitoneal injection (i.p.); male Wistar rats (seven weeks old) | Dissolved in 0.5 to 1.0Â mg Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) /kg/day; CoQ10 supplement | Safe up to 1.0Â mg CoQ 10/kg/day | [42] |
Chlorophyll extract in methanol:acetone; oral; Wistar albino rats (150–200 g) | NaNO2 induced oxidative stress; 0.016 mg/ml and 0.008 mg/ml; Cu-chlorophyllin (0.008 mg/ml) | NA | [224] | |
Galactagogue activity | Leaf; aqueous; oral administration; Wistar rats | Lactating rats; 26.25, 52.5 and 105Â mg/kg/day; domperidone (2.7Â mg/kg/day); distilled water | Safe up to 105Â mg/kg/day | [40] |
Leaf; ethanol; oral administration; Etawah goat (38.19 ± 2.4 kg) | Concentrate containing katuk leaf flour and bio complex Zn flour; w/o reference | NA | [204] | |
Digestibility | Leaf; oral administration; Friesian Holstein cattle (300–450 kg) | 155 g katuk leaf and 15% of Gamal leaves; w/o reference | NA | [41] |
Hepatic necrosis | Leaf; ethanol; i.p. administration; BALB/c mice (20–25 g) | E. coli- infected pregnant mice model; 37.5, 75, 50, 112.5, 150 mg/kg SA extract with E. scaber extract; w/o reference | Safe up to the mentioned concentration | [190] |
Iron deficiency anaemia | Leaf; ethanol; oral administration; female Wistar strain rats (190–220 g) | Iron deficient diet; 300 mg/day; w/o reference | Safe up to 300 mg/g | [39] |
Leaf methanol; acetone extract; oral; Female mice, Balb-c | Sodium nitrile induced anaemia; Cu-chlorophyllin (13.29, 11.83, 14.54, 13.99Â g/dl) | NA | [215] | |
Leaf; methanol: acetone; IDA female rats (150–200 g) | Iron deficient diet for 14 days; 0.016 mg/mL; commercial chlorophyll (0.016 mg/mL) | Safe up to 0.016 mg/ml | [25] | |
Teratogenic effects | Leaf; methanol; i.p. administration; Zebrafish | 10, 100, 1000Â mg/mL leaf extract and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide; w/o reference | Safe up to 1000Â mg/mL | [225] |
Leaf powder; oral; Hainan in rats | Pregnant mice; 0, 250, 500, 1000Â mg/kg | NA | [226] | |
Antidiabetic activity | Leaf; ethanol; i.p. administration; Wistar albino rats; (180–220 g) | Alloxan induced diabetes; 200 and 400 mg/kg; glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) | Safe up to 400 mg/kg | [52] |
Leaf; acetone, methanol (7:3); oral; Wistar rats (150–200 g) | Streptomycin induced diabetes; 0.016 mg/mL chlorophyll extract; glibenclamide (0,09 mg/200) | 0.016 mg/mL concentration of chlorophyll extract was low toxic to the internal organs of rats | [25] | |
Leaf; methanol; oral; mice | Alloxan induced diabetes; 250Â mg/ kg and 500Â mg/kg; glibenclamide (2.5Â mg/kg) | Non-toxic up to 500Â mg/kg | [185] | |
Anticancer activity | Leaf; ethanol; breast cancer cell line breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µg/ml | Safe up to 100 µg/ml | [22] |
Antiinflammatory activity | Leaf; ethanol; ip; albino mice (20–25 g) | Carrageenan induced rat paw edema; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW; Phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg bw) | Nontoxic up to 400 mg/kg | [47] |
Leaf (S. brevipes); ethanol; oral; mice | Lipopolysaccharide induced peritonitis; 200Â mg/kg; Ranitidine (40Â mg/kg) | Nontoxic up to 200Â mg/kg | [197] | |
Leaves; aqueous protein extract; erythrocytes | Hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis; 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL; acetylsalcylic acid (100 μg) | NA | [60] | |
Leaf; ethanol; transdermal; male Wistar rat | Carrageenan induced; 400Â mg / kg BW | NA | [227] | |
Anti-obesity activity | Leaf; ethanol; oral; white male rat (200–300 g) | High fat diet; 50, 75, 100 mg/kg bw; Orlistat and metformin | Nontoxic up to 100 mg/kg | [201] |
Anti-alopecia activity | Leaf; ethanol; topical; male rabbit (1.5–2 kg) | Hair length measurement; Minoxidil (2%) | NA | [167] |