Fig. 1

Map of research locations and laxoox/canjeero production styles. a The research locations included: (1) eight urban and peri-urban locations (in Somalia, Puntland, and Somaliland, the latter being a de facto independent country as-yet unrecognized by the international community); (2) one urban location in an ethnically Somali zone of Ethiopia, known as the Somali State. In detail, research locations were: Baidoa, Warsheikh, Mogadishu, and Marka (Somalia), Garowe (Puntland), Hargeisa, Berbera, and Beer (Somaliland), and Jigjiga (Ethiopia's Somali State). b Geographic areas indicated by “new heritage” and “innovative” production styles. New heritage production was found in Somaliland, in Ethiopia’s Somali State, and in rural areas of southern Somalia. Innovative production was found namely in urban southern and eastern Somalia