Diversity of sambals, traditional Indonesian chili pastes

Surya, Reggie; Tedjakusuma, Felicia

doi:10.1186/s42779-022-00142-7

Journal of Ethnic Foods

Table 1 Types of sambal in Indonesia based on region of origin, ingredients, and processing method

From: Diversity of sambals, traditional Indonesian chili pastes

No.	Sambal	Equivalent in English	Region of origin	Primary ingredients			Secondary ingredients						Processing				Reference
No.	Sambal	Equivalent in English	Region of origin	Red chili pepper	Bird’s eye chili pepper	Green chili pepper	Shallot	Garlic	Lime	Shrimp paste	Tomato	Others	Crushing	Chopping	Raw	Cooked	Reference
1	Asam udeung	–	Aceh		✓		✓					Shrimp	✓			✓	[54]
2	Asam teri	–	Aceh		✓		✓	✓				Salted anchovy	✓		✓		[55]
3	Udang	Shrimp	Aceh	✓			✓	✓	✓			Shrimp	✓			✓	[56]
4	Andaliman	–	North Sumatra	✓			✓	✓				Andaliman pepper (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium)	✓			✓	[57]
5	Natinombur	–	North Sumatra	✓			✓		✓			Curcumin, ginger, candlenut	✓			✓	[30]
6	Tuktuk	–	North Sumatra	✓			✓		✓			Salted anchovy	✓			✓	[30]
7	Balado	–	West Sumatra	✓			✓	✓			✓	–	✓			✓	[58]
8	Lado mudo	–	West Sumatra			✓	✓	✓	✓			–	✓			✓	[48]
9	Teri lado	–	West Sumatra	✓			✓	✓			✓	Salted anchovy	✓			✓	[30]
10	Uwok	–	West Sumatra		✓		✓		✓		✓	–	✓			✓	[30]
11	Lado Belimbing	–	West Sumatra	✓	✓		✓			✓		Carambola (Averrhoa carambola)	✓			✓	[56]
12	Hijau Petai	Green bitter bean	West Sumatra			✓	✓	✓			✓	Bitter bean (Parkia speciosa)	✓			✓	[57]
13	Pilado Lauwok	–	Riau	✓			✓					Salted anchovies	✓		✓		[59]
14	Kunyit	Turmeric	Riau			✓	✓					Turmeric, coconut milk	✓			✓	[60]
15	Nanas	Pineapple	Riau	✓	✓							Pineapple	✓		✓		[60]
16	Cencalok	–	Riau Island		✓		✓	✓				Dried shrimp	✓			✓	[61]
17	Lengkong	–	Riau Island	✓			✓		✓	✓		Marine fish, coconut milk	✓			✓	[62]
18	Bilis Kacang	–	Riau Island	✓			✓	✓				Salted anchovy, peanuts	✓			✓	[63]
19	Tempoyak	–	Jambi	✓			✓	✓				Tempoyak (fermented durian paste)	✓			✓	[20]
20	Salabance	–	Jambi	✓	✓		✓				✓	Catfish	✓			✓	[20]
21	Nio	–	Jambi	✓			✓	✓				Grated coconut	✓			✓	[20]
22	Durian	Durian	Bengkulu	✓			✓	✓				Durian (Durio zibenthinus)	✓			✓	[30]
23	Lecet	–	Bengkulu	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	–	✓			✓	[58]
24	Peghiau	–	Bengkulu	✓			✓	✓			✓	Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)	✓			✓	[64]
25	Lokan	–	Bengkulu	✓			✓	✓				Shellfish	✓			✓	[57]
26	Picak	–	Bengkulu	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓	–	✓			✓	[64]
27	Piriak	–	Bengkulu		✓			✓			✓	Smoked fish	✓			✓	[64]
28	Jokjok	–	South Sumatra	✓			✓	✓			✓	Tamarind	✓			✓	[57]
29	Kweni	–	South Sumatra	✓	✓							Kweni mango (Mangifera odorata)	✓		✓		[65]
30	Mangga	Mango	South Sumatra	✓	✓		✓					Unripe mango, palm sugar	✓			✓	[30]
31	Asam	Sour	Bangka Belitung	✓			✓	✓				Tamarind	✓			✓	[57]
32	Rusip	–	Bangka Belitung		✓		✓	✓			✓	Salted anchovy		✓		✓	[57]
33	Seruit	–	Lampung	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓	Kweni mango (Mangifera odorata)	✓			✓	[66]
34	Asam kembang	–	Lampung	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		White mango (Mangifera kemanga)		✓		✓	[57]
35	Kemiri	Candlenut	Jakarta	✓	✓							Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus)	✓			✓	[30]
36	Jahe	Ginger	Jakarta	✓	✓		✓	✓				Ginger	✓			✓	[67]
37	Dengkek	–	Jakarta		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		–	✓			✓	[67]
38	Belimbing wuluh	Bilimbi	Jakarta	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi)	✓			✓	[68]
39	Lokio	Chives	Jakarta	✓	✓		✓			✓	✓	Chive	✓			✓	[30]
40	Bajak	–	Banten	✓			✓	✓		✓		Lemongrass, palm sugar	✓			✓	[57]
41	Buraq	–	Banten	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓		Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) skin	✓			✓	[67]
42	Cibiuk	–	West Java			✓		✓	✓	✓		Lemon basil		✓	✓		[67]
43	Cobek	–	West Java	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Ginger, aromatic ginger	✓			✓	[68]
44	Gandaria	Plum mango	West Java	✓	✓			✓				Plum mango (Bouea macrophylla Griff.)	✓			✓	[30]
45	Goang	–	West Java	✓				✓				Aromatic ginger	✓		✓		[67]
46	Oncom	–	West Java	✓	✓			✓		✓		Oncom (fermented tofu by-products)	✓			✓	[48]
47	Jengkol	–	West Java	✓			✓	✓				Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum)	✓			✓	[30]
48	Kecombrang	–	West Java		✓		✓	✓				Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior)	✓			✓	[30]
49	Terasi	Shrimp paste	West Java	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓		–	✓			✓	[30]
50	Leunca	–	West Java	✓			✓	✓				Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)	✓			✓	[30]
51	Krosak	–	Central Java		✓			✓				–	✓			✓	[69]
52	Jenggot	Beard	Central Java	✓			✓	✓				Grated coconut	✓			✓	[69]
53	Kacang	Peanuts	Central Java	✓			✓	✓				Peanuts	✓			✓	[69]
54	Kecap	Sweet soy sauce	Central Java		✓		✓	✓				Sweet soy sauce		✓	✓		[69]
55	Pencit	–	Central Java	✓	✓		✓	✓				Unripe mango	✓			✓	[48]
56	Tempe	Tempeh	Central Java	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Tempeh	✓			✓	[30]
57	Tumpang	–	Central Java	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Overripe tempeh	✓			✓	[68]
58	Tempe gembus	–	Central Java	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Tempe gembus (tempeh made from tofu by-products)	✓			✓	[30]
59	Goreng hati	Fried liver	Central Java	✓			✓	✓				Chicken liver, chicken gizzard, potatoes		✓		✓	[57]
60	Megono	–	Central Java	✓			✓	✓		✓		Unripe jackfruit	✓			✓	[30]
61	Krecek	–	Yogyakarta	✓			✓	✓				Krecek (deep-fried beef skin)	✓			✓	[70]
62	Bacem	–	Yogyakarta	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	Kaffir lime leaves	✓			✓	[70]
63	Tolo	–	Yogyakarta		✓		✓	✓				Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis)	✓			✓	[70]
64	Kalasan	–	Yogyakarta	✓	✓		✓	✓			✓	Tamarind, lemongrass	✓			✓	[60]
65	Kemangi	Lemon basil	Yogyakarta	✓			✓	✓		✓		Lemon basil	✓			✓	[71]
66	Belut	Eel	East Java	✓	✓			✓				Eel	✓			✓	[66]
67	Kluwak	–	East Java	✓				✓				Kluwak (Pangium edule)	✓			✓	[57]
68	Bawang	Onion	East Java	✓		✓	✓			✓		Onion, palm sugar	✓			✓	[68]
69	Petis	–	East Java	✓				✓				Petis, peanuts	✓			✓	[30]
70	Pecel	–	East Java		✓			✓	✓			Peanuts, palm sugar	✓			✓	[71]
71	Setan	Devil	East Java	✓	✓		✓	✓				Madame Jeanette pepper (Capsicum chinense)	✓			✓	[30]
72	Bongkot	–	Bali	✓			✓	✓		✓		Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior)		✓		✓	[57]
73	Embe	–	Bali	✓		✓	✓	✓				–		✓		✓	[30]
74	Matah	–	Bali	✓			✓	✓	✓	✓		Lemongrass		✓	✓		[48]
75	Tuung	–	Bali		✓			✓	✓			Eggplant	✓			✓	[71]
76	Nyuh	–	Bali	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓		Grated coconut	✓			✓	[72]
77	Serai	–	Bali		✓	✓			✓	✓		Lemongrass		✓		✓	[72]
78	Uyah tabio	–	Bali	✓	✓	✓						Salt, coconut oil		✓	✓		[68]
79	Cengkeh	Clove	West Nusa Tenggara	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓				Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)	✓			✓	[66]
80	Plecing	–	West Nusa Tenggara	✓						✓	✓	–	✓			✓	[73]
81	Taliwang	–	West Nusa Tenggara	✓				✓		✓		–	✓			✓	[73]
82	Tota Fo'o	–	West Nusa Tenggara	✓	✓		✓				✓	Coconut milk, unripe mango		✓	✓		[68]
83	Parado	–	West Nusa Tenggara		✓							Kaffir lime	✓		✓		[30]
84	Beberok	–	West Nusa Tenggara	✓	✓		✓	✓				Tamarillo, cucumber, asparagus bean		✓	✓		[74]
85	Luat	–	East Nusa Tenggara	✓			✓		✓	✓	✓	Lemon basil	✓			✓	[20]
86	Ebi	Dried shrimp	West Borneo	✓			✓	✓		✓		Dried shrimp	✓			✓	[66]
87	Suna	Garlic chives	West Borneo		✓				✓	✓		Garlic chives (Allium tuberosum)	✓		✓		[59]
88	Kepah	–	West Borneo	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			Shellfish (Asaphis sp.)	✓			✓	[60]
89	Rimbang	Turkey berry	Central Borneo		✓		✓	✓		✓		Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)	✓			✓	[60]
90	Lucung	–	Central Borneo	✓	✓		✓			✓		Ginger flower (Etlingera elatior)	✓			✓	[60]
91	Cacapan	–	South Borneo		✓		✓					Tamarind		✓	✓		[57]
92	Habang	–	South Borneo		✓		✓	✓		✓		Tamarind, ginger, cinnamon	✓			✓	[20]
93	Acan	–	South Borneo		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	Unripe mango	✓			✓	[67]
94	Ramania	–	East Borneo		✓		✓			✓		Plum mango (Bouea macrophylla Griff.)	✓		✓		[57]
95	Asam Binjai	–	East Borneo	✓	✓		✓			✓		Binjai (Mangifera caesia)	✓			✓	[67]
96	Gami	–	East Borneo	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	White-spotted spinefoot (Siganus canaliculatus)	✓			✓	[60]
97	Tudai	–	North Kalimantan	✓			✓	✓			✓	Blood clam (Tegillarca granosa)		✓		✓	[67]
98	Cakalang	Skipjack tuna	North Sulawesi		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		Smoked skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)	✓			✓	[68]
99	Dabu-dabu	–	North Sulawesi		✓	✓	✓		✓		✓	–		✓	✓		[67]
100	Rica-rica	–	North Sulawesi	✓	✓		✓		✓			Lemongrass	✓			✓	[57]
101	Roa	–	North Sulawesi	✓			✓				✓	Ballyhoo halfbeak (Hemiramphus brasiliensis)	✓			✓	[60]
102	Tongkol	–	North Sulawesi		✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	Red-tailed rock goby (Sicyopterus lagocephalus)	✓			✓	[30]
103	Duo sale	–	Central Sulawesi		✓		✓				✓	Unripe mango, coconut milk	✓		✓		[30]
104	Lawar kacci	–	West Sulawesi	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓	Unripe mango, coconut milk	✓		✓		[30]
105	Kaluku	–	South Sulawesi		✓		✓	✓				Grated coconut, striped snakehead (Channa striata)	✓			✓	[30]
106	Tauco	–	South Sulawesi	✓				✓			✓	Tauco (fermented soybean paste)	✓			✓	[48]
107	Katokkon	–	South Sulawesi	✓			✓	✓				Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense)	✓			✓	[30]
108	Kenari	Walnut	North Maluku	✓				✓	✓	✓		Walnut	✓		✓		[75]
109	Pepaya	Papaya	Maluku		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	Papaya		✓		✓	[75]
110	Colo-colo	–	Papua		✓		✓		✓		✓	–		✓	✓		[75]

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