Fig. 3

Effects and toxicity of fecal water toward human colonic epithelial cells. Fecal water was extracted from the feces of rats consuming standard diet and red meat-based diet with or without kimchi supplementation. Feces were collected on days 60–64 following the injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg body weight) and pooled based on the treatment groups. The observed effects of fecal water on the cells included A level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), B level of caspase-3 activity and C cell viability. Data (n = 5) are expressed in mean ± SD. Different lettering indicates statistically significant difference among samples (p < 0.05). Control: cell medium. Saline: fecal water of rats injected with NaCl solution (0.9%) and given standard diet. DMH: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given standard diet. RM: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given red meat-based diet. K-5%: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given standard diet with kimchi supplementation (5%). RM + K-5%: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given red meat-based diet with kimchi supplementation (5%). K-10%: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given standard diet with kimchi supplementation (10%). RM + K-10%: fecal water of rats injected with DMH and given red meat-based diet with kimchi supplementation (10%)