Fig. 2
From: Spicy Shiro flour and Berbere powder (an ethnic, indigenous food of Ethiopia)
Basic and common ingredients for making Berbere (red Pepper) powder. The amount, type, and quality of pepper, spices, and herbs used in the preparation of Berbere powder can all make a difference. Red pepper is the main ingredient in the preparation of Berbere powder. Depending on personal preferences, culture, and economic status, spices such as cardamom, sacred basil, cumin (black), bishops weed, garlic, rue, rosemary, ginger, cinnamon, fenugreek, and other locally available spices can be added. The fresh spices will be pounded together by mortar and pestle until properly meshed and mixed, then the dried red pepper will be pounded together with the meshed spices, and the mixture will be sundried, mixed with the dried spices, and milled to Berbere powder. Sources Mode of preparation, types and name of the spices and herbs are taken from the local producers at household levels from different regions and from Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), and from Ethiopian Traditional Cuisine page