Fig. 4

Spicy Shiro flour is prepared with spices and herbs. Black cumin, sunflower, nutmeg, black pepper, time, onion, hell, coriander, fenugreek, long pepper, kemune, rosemary, sacred basil, cloves, salt, rue, cinnamon, bishops weed, ginger, red pepper, cardamom, and garlic are the most common spices and herbs used to prepare the spicy Shiro flour. Ninety-five households were sampled, and all households (respondents) were interviewed. Thus, during the preparation of Spicy Shiro flour, 4.2% (4/95) of respondents used black cumin as a major spice, 6.3% (6/95) used sunflower and nutmeg as a major spice, 40% (38/95) used cinnamon as a major spice, and 62% (59/95) used garlic as a major spice. This indicates that garlic was the most commonly used spice. Black cumin, on the other hand, was the least commonly reported major spice used in Ethiopian Shiro flour preparation. Sources This is the analysis of the results obtained from the respondents who took part in this study (95 participants). However, this spice list for spicy Shiro flour preparation may also be found in other unpublished sources