Fig. 5

Spices and herbs commonly used in the preparation of Berbere powder. The most common spices and herbs used to prepare berbere powder are hell, nutmeg, onion, cloves, cumin seed, coriander, black pepper, thyme, long pepper, kosseret, fenugreek, cinnamon, ginger, rosemary, rue, salt, garlic, bishops weed, cumin, sacred basil, cardamom, and red pepper. Samples were collected from 95 households, and all households (respondents) were interviewed. Thus, during the preparation of Spicy Shiro flour, 10.5% (10/95) of the respondents used Hell as a base ingredient, 36.8% (35/95) of the respondents used Thyme as a base ingredient, 74.7% (71/95) of the respondents used Cardamom as a base ingredient, and 88.4% (84/95) of the respondents used red pepper as a base ingredient. This suggests that red pepper is the primary major base ingredient. In Ethiopia, Hell was the least commonly reported spice used in the preparation of Berbere powder. Sources This is the analysis of the results obtained from the respondents who took part in this study (125 participants). However, this spice list for spicy Shiro flour preparation may also be found in other unpublished sources