Table 1 Nutritional compounds and functional properties of the raw material

Sticky rice

Rich source of carbohydrates as the body's primary source of energy

[52, 53, 55]

Naturally gluten-free, making it suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease

Low in fat to maintain a healthy weight or reduce fat intake

Essential amino acids that the body requires for building proteins and supporting various physiological functions

Dietary fiber, aiding digestion and promoting satiety

Minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium, which are vital for maintaining healthy bones, muscles, and overall cellular function

Certain varieties of sticky rice possess antioxidant properties, which can help combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases

Cowpea nut

Good source of essential nutrients, including protein, dietary fiber, vitamins (such as thiamine, riboflavin, and folate), and minerals (such as iron, potassium, and magnesium)

[56, 57]

Low in fat and cholesterol, making it a beneficial component of a healthy diet

Various phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, which neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, reduce oxidative stress and the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders

The soluble fiber helps slow down the absorption of carbohydrates, preventing rapid spikes in blood sugar levels

Dietary fiber, which promotes healthy digestion and aids in maintaining regular bowel movements. The fiber content can also contribute to a feeling of fullness, supporting weight management and preventing overeating

Grated coconut

Good source of dietary fiber, which aids digestion, promotes satiety, and helps maintain a healthy digestive system

[58]

Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which are easily metabolized by the body and can provide a quick source of energy. These fats are also believed to have potential benefits for weight management and cardiovascular health

Phenolic compounds can act as antioxidant to help protect the body against damage from free radicals and oxidative stress

Traditionally used for antimicrobial agent which has shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Good source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, E, B vitamins, iron, potassium, and magnesium, which are essential for overall health and well-being

Salt

Maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body, which is crucial for proper nerve function, muscle contraction, and hydration

[59]

Sodium helps retain water, preventing dehydration and ensuring efficient cellular function

Source of iodine, a vital mineral required for the production of thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development