Table 2 Sample: Google Scholar

1

Adams, T

2015

Nutrition transition of adolescents (15–18 years) in the Francistown area, Botswana

To find out how current food habits and food choice behaviour reflect the nutrition transition of 15–18 year olds

Survey of adolescents in Francistown

Although the respondents were knowledgeable about healthy eating, it was not a regular practice, and specifically evident in the low consumption of fruit, vegetables, and dairy products

2

Barnes, JI; Cannon, J; MacGregor, J

2008

Livestock production economics on communal land in Botswana: effects of tenure, scale, and subsidies

to review the economic and financial characteristics of three range-based livestock systems on communal land in Botswana

Enterprise characteristics from empirical data assembled from unpublished and published sources

The current subsidies to livestock production might be more economically efficient if they were redirected from input cost reduction to directly support initiatives that enhance average herd productivity

3

Bennet, B; Rich KM

2019

Using preferential trade access to promote global development goals: the case of beef and market access to Norway from Namibia and Botswana

To assess whether market access to high-value markets for livestock products developmental benefits

Interviews with stakeholders in the beef commodity value chain

Access to high-value markets has resulted in investment in infrastructure and capacity to meet international food safety and animal health standards

4

Coester, M

2016

Funeral rituals of the Tswana people in South Africa

An in-depth account of funerals in Botswana

Travelling and collecting data in Botswana and Lesotho

Many Batswana and Africans that are not in Botswana are not completely well-versed in their traditional burial procedure. Several funeral practices are used

5

Frimpong, K

1995

A review of the tribal grazing land policy in Botswana

To examine the Tribal Grazing Land Policy (FGLP), which was developed in the 1970s to address the growing number of cattle in Botswana

Literature review

The policy was, in part, successful. However, there was a poor estimation of land and the presence of sensitivity surrounding the role of cattle in land issue rights

6

Gabalebatse, M; Ngwenya, BN; Teketay, D; Kolawole, OD

2013

Ethno-veterinary practices amongst livestock farmers in Ngamiland District, Botswana

To determine the ethnoveterinary knowledge used to treat and prevent livestock diseases in the Ngamiland District of Northwestern Botswana

A simple random sampling of 45 households in Toteng Village using structured questionnaires

Local farmers and herders generalized knowledge and experience in ethnoveterinary, as well as in performing some veterinary tasks

7

Grant, S

1987

Death and Burial in Mochudi: A Study of Changing Traditions

To encourage others (to resist popular academic fashion and) to produce related studies revealing something of the regional differences, which must persist but are bound to disappear in the seemingly inevitable quest for standardisation and uniformity

Using local documents to get information on each and every step of a funeral procedure

There are many detailed steps to a traditional funeral that are neglected in modern society

8

Hall, M

1986

The Role of Cattle in Southern African Agropastoral Societies: More than Bones Alone Can Tell

The paper reviews the evidence for cattle-keeping in Southern African

Literature review

Livestock is seen as part of the signification through which households established and maintained connections with one another, playing out power relations that enabled communities to manage the risks inherent in agropastoral economies

9

Hillbom, E

2014

Cattle, diamonds and institutions: main drivers of Botswana's economic development, 1850 to present

To review the role of political and economic institutions, endowments, and geography as main drivers of change in Botswana’s long-term economic development from 1850 to 2014

Literature review

Existence of a pre-colonial (1850–1930) and a colonial cattle economy (1930–1975)

10

Hermans, Q

1974

Towards budgetary independence A review of Botswana's financial history, 1900 to 1973

To examine the evolution of Botswana's public finances and to attempt to isolate the main factors which retarded or contributed to the achievement of budgetary independence

Government offices and private collections & financial records of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, contained in the National Archives

Several factors influenced performance in the financial sector of the beef economy in Botswana from 1885

11

Kalabamu, F

2005

Women's inclusion and exclusion from property ownership in Botswana

Review of practices, policies, rules, and laws that either enable or inhibit women from accessing and owning properties in their private capacities with special reference to Botswana

Critical review

Traditionally women owned the houses but not the land on which they were built. The land belonged either to the husband, son, or father

12

Koloka, O & Moreki, J.C

2010

Performance of hides and skins subsector in Botswana: A critical review

To investigate the production of hides and skins in Botswana and skins, highlight constraints, and suggest ways of improving hides quality

Hides and Skins Annual Reports 2003, 2007 and 2009

A potential market exists for cattle hides and skins, with synergies between the beef and leather industry market

13

Love, R

1994

Drought, Dutch disease and controlled transition in Botswana agriculture

To demonstrate the rapid expansion of the mineral sector and its effects on the rest of the economy.

Narrative review

It is shown that, principally through exchange rate movements, the exceptional growth of the mineral sector in Botswana created relative price disadvantages in the agricultural sector and that these were positively correlated to output. Economic and political factors also account for low agricultural productivity in Botswana

14

Magogodi, C. L

2022

Featured example: Gastrotourism in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Berlin

To review the potential of gastro-tourism in improving local and international tourist experiences

Literature review and observations

Cuisines of Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe are featured to have high potential use for gastro-tourism

15

Magwira, CA; Gashe, BA; Collison, EK

2005

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in beef products from retail outlets in Gaborone, Botswana

To assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli in beef products from retail outlets

Four hundred meat samples (134 meat cubes, 133 minced meat, 133 fresh sausages) were collected from 15 supermarkets and butcheries in Gaborone, Botswana

The isolates showed single, double, and triple antibiotic resistance

16

Malope, P., Tsopito, C.M., Aganga, A.A & Madibela, O.R

2007

Profitability of dry season beef feed-lotting in grain deficit countries: the case of Botswana

To determine the profitability of beef feed lotting during the dry season of 2002

Forty-nine beef cattle comprising indigenous Tswana, pure exotic breeds and crossbred animals

Thus, the results of the study show that feed lotting can both be financially and economically profitable

17

Masole, C; Ayuya, OI; Moreki, JC

2019

Determinants of adoption of alternative response to foot and mouth disease: micro-level evidence of smallholder pastoralist in north East District, Botswana

To examine factors influencing the adoption of alternative responses to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) among smallholder beef producers in the Northeast district of Botswana

Principal component analysis was used to categorize FMD responses, and a multivariate probit regression model was used to examine the effect of socioeconomic and institutional factors on response to the FMD

Producers are aware of the effects of the FMD on their livelihood but still choose not to adopt the responses and the socioeconomic and institutional characteristics to make a difference

18

Mochankana, ME; Robertson, ID

2016

A retrospective study of the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis at major abattoirs in Botswana

To determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Botswana

Meat inspection records of monthly and annual returns from the two main export abattoirs in the country were examined, as well as the data collected on the total number of cattle slaughtered and the number of livers condemned due to Fasciola gigantica infection

The present study indicated that the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle is low, and the disease is, therefore, of less significance in Botswana than in other African countries for which information is available

19

Modise, O.M.; Lekoko, R.N.; Thakadu, O.T; Mpotokwane, M.A

2018

Toward sustainable conservation and management of human–wildlife interactions in the Mmadinare Region of Botswana: villagers’ perceptions on challenges and prospects

To better understand the magnitude and intensity of human-wildlife interactions with elephants and other native wildlife species in Botswana

Meeting with the community and personal observations

Despite the increasing damage, the community emphasized that harmonious coexistence is desirable and sustainable

20

Modise, BM; Settypalli, TBK; Kgotlele, T; Xue, DR; Ntesang, K; Kumile, K; Naletoski, I; Nyange, JF; Thanda, C; Macheng, KN; Marobela-Raborokgwe, C; Viljoen, GJ; Cattoli, G; Lamien, CE

2021

First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana

To characterise poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle

A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and differentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat

The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample

21

Mokopakgosi, B. T

2008

Self-reliance and the History of Higher Education: The Botswana University Campus Appeal (BUCA)

To explore the role of the rhetoric of self-reliance in the founding of a national university in Botswana, following the unceremonious break-up of a three nations’ University of Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland in 1975 (UBLS)

Based on archival research in the Botswana National Archives and interviews with those who were involved in the national appeal

Helped to raise the much-needed capital to establish the foundations of a future national university

22

Morapedi, W.G & Manatsha, B. T

2015

Prospects and challenges for China-Africa agricultural cooperation: the case of Botswana

Some crucial lessons that can be learned from China’s experience in agriculture

Literature review

Cooperation in agriculture has been relatively neglected. It is weak compared to other areas of cooperation

23

Moreki, J.C & Pelaelo-Grand, D. T & Ranko, A

2019

Artificial insemination in Botswana: Challenges and opportunities-A review

To highlight farmers’ uptake of Artificial insemination service, challenges, and opportunities in the use of artificial insemination technology in Botswana

Records from artificial insemination centres

Underutilisation of insemination centres leads to the decline of inseminated cows and conception rates

24

Mooketsi, C

2001

Butchery Styles and the Processing of Cattle Carcasses in Botswana

To determine if butchery styles can be distinguished amongst different communities in Botswana

Focus on five societies: Barolong of Hebron, Bakwena of Molepolole, Bangwato of Serowe and Mosu, the Bakalanga of Masunga and the Hambukushu of Maun. Interviews were conducted with both men and women aged from 45 to 95

Shows that different cultures butcher and process cattle carcasses in different ways

25

Mrema, N; Mpuchane, S; Gashe, BA

2006

Prevalence of Salmonella in raw minced meat, raw fresh sausages and raw burger patties from retail outlets in Gaborone, Botswana

To determine the presence of Salmonella species in raw minced meat, raw fresh sausages, and raw burger patties in retail outlets

Meat samples were purchased from 33 butcher’s shops located in Gaborone, and a laboratory analysis was run on all of them within 6 h of the purchase

Varying prevalence rates in meats selected

26

Mulale, K &Hambira, W.L

2007

An overview of the policy and legislative framework for the management of rangelands in Botswana and implications for sustainable development

To investigate the extent to which the policy and legislative framework in Botswana facilitates or constrains sustainable communal rangelands management and utilization systems

Review of policy and legislative framework for the management of communal rangelands resources

The study findings show that despite their high dependence upon communal rangelands resources, rural communities have limited and insecure rights over these rangelands, hence their vulnerability. Findings also show that state policies and legislation tend to favour central regulation and privatization of communal rangelands resources

27

Mullins, GR; Fidzani, B; Kolanyane, M

2000

At the end of the day—The socioeconomic impacts of eradicating contagious bovine pleuropneumonia from Botswana

To report the major findings of the monitoring exercise of the depopulation of cattle in 1995 intended to eradicate contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Household surveys

Economic recovery for many of Ngamiland's households is likely to be prolonged

28

Ngwenya, B.N

2000

Gender and social transformation through burial societies in a contemporary southern African society: The case of Botswana

To explore what burial societies, as emergent local institutions in contemporary Tswana society, do to organize social relief for households in distress via the immediacy of death as a sociocultural event

An ethno survey which is an empirically based study that is situated within an identifiably concrete

community was used; an interactive multimethod data collection; multistage cluster sampling; multilevel data collection; direct participation; and quantitative methods like interface measuring and meaning

Overall, burial societies are predominantly women-based institutions across all social and ethnic groups

29

Nsoso S.J; Morake, TG

1999

A critical look at the use of exotic bulls in traditional beef farming in Botswana

To find out which exotic breeds have been used in traditional beef farming between 1987 and 1995

Data available at Ramatlabama Stud Bull and Artificial Insemination Laboratory

Demand for Brahmans was higher than for indigenous breeds in national service and semen collection

30

Patel, SM; Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb, YB; Congdon, M; Young, RR; Patel, MZ; Mazhani, T et al

2022

Evolution of pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in Botswana following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

To describe temporal trends in pneumococcal serotype carriage among children in Botswana following the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.(PCV-13)

The vaccine was administered at 2, 3, and 4 months of age and its effects were monitored

S. pneumoniae was identified in 1,304 of 2,494 (52%) nasopharyngeal samples collected from 550 of 841 (65%) enrolled children

31

Petit, A

2016

Women’s cattle ownership in Botswana

How different women benefit from their cattle ownership with regard to their social position and material welfare in the commercial beef industry in Botswana

Through ethnographic fieldwork and an intersectional analysis of gendered property relations to grazing land and cattle

Women from different social groups benefit in various ways from cattle production—in supporting and administrative roles; and hands on cattle tasks

32

Raboloko, OO; Ramabu, SS; Guerrini, L; Jori, F

2020

Seroprevalence of Selected Tick Borne Pathogens and Diversity and Abundance of Ixodid Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in Northern Botswana

To determine (i) the seroprevalence of selected tick-borne (TB) pathogens and (ii) the diversity and abundance of ixodid ticks among 301 cattle foraging around two protected areas in northern Botswana

Competitive inhibition enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (cELISA) was used to test for Anaplasma spp. infection and Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) was used to test for Theileria parva, Babesia bovis, and B. bigemina

Work provided baseline data on TB pathogens and tick infestation in cattle populations exposed to different levels of contact with adjacent buffalo populations. The presence of a veterinary fence did not significantly influence the seroprevalence of the selected TB pathogens (except for Babesia spp.) but seemed to reduce tick burdens in cattle

33

Sharma, SP; Losho, TC; Malau, M; Mangate, KG; Linchwe, KB; Amanfu, W; Motsu, TK

2001

The resurgence of trypanosomosis in Botswana

To determine the prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle in Maun and Shakawe areas of Ngamiland district

Parasitological survey of blood samples

Overall, trypanosome infection rate was 15.98%, with 5.94% and 27.29% in Maun and Shakawe, respectively

34

Tladi-Sekgwama, F.M

2019

An overview of agricultural extension in Botswana and needed reforms

To discuss the evolution, intervention, challenges, initiatives, and policies implemented in order to make the extension effective agricultural extension in Botswana

Qualitative study: Botswana government documents, conference proceedings, journal articles, informal interviews, and discussions with Ministry of Agriculture officials, extension workers, extension experts, and farmers

Various factors constrain extension work

35

Uchendu, GO; Aganga, AO; Ama, NO; Madibela, OR

2020

Investigation of Cysticercosis bovis prevalence using passive abattoir post-mortem inspection and active administration of structured non-participatory questionnaire to farmers in Botswana

To probe the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis

Cross-sectional study through passive abattoir inspection, covering a wider scope (more regions) and some lower throughput abattoirs previously not accounted for. Furthermore, non-participatory interview using structured questionnaires

Abattoir prevalence was 17.17% (SE = 1.70027), and survey prevalence was 42.35%; both of which were higher than the published prevalence of 13.5% and BMC prevalence of 10% (SE = 0.006576)

36

Uchendu, G. O.; Ama, N. O; Aganga, A. O; Madibela, O. R

2021

Demographic profiling and characterization of cattle and cattle farmers in Botswana

Demographic and characterization study estimating cattle population, its spread, and ownership

Non-participatory questionnaires, interviews, physical enumeration, and measurements were used to collect primary data from farmers (n = 149)

Results show gaps for gender inequality and discrimination against women in land tenure system (for cattle farming), land ownership, cattle ownership, and cattle inheritance

37

Weise, FJ; Tomeletso, M; Stein, AB; Somers, MJ; Hayward, MW

2020

Lions Panthera leo Prefer Killing Certain Cattle Bos taurus Types

Lion predation on cattle

Interview with human subjects and monitoring of livestock and lions

Lions mostly killed cattle at night and targeted the easiest prey, such as cattle without horns

38

William, T

1988

Local administration in Botswana

To review the functions of four main institutions at the district level–the District Administration, the District Council, the Land Board, and the Tribal Administration

Document analysis

District Councils have displayed an improved capacity for plan implementation. The Land Boards are no longer subordinate to the District Councils in administrative matters but are hampered by a shortage of transport and finance; and Tribal Administration staff still work under very poor conditions, though their salaries and pensionable status are much improved