Fig. 4

Antioxidant and protective effects of kimchi and pao cai in cultured human hepatocytes upon exposure to tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), an oxidative stress generator. The observed effects included A relative cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), B relative cellular thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), C relative cellular glutathione (GSH), and D percentage of viable cells. Data (n = 5) are expressed in mean ± SD. Asterisk sign (*) indicates statistically significant difference between a treatment with and without TBHP as shown by the student’s t-test (p < 0.05). Different lettering indicates statistically significant difference among samples treated without TBHP (lower-case letters) and with TBHP (upper-case letters) as shown by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. (p < 0.05)