Table 4 Tempoyak functional properties for human health

Immunostimulant

Tempoyak water extract may stimulate the secretion of cytokines in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells are monocytes (macrophage-like cells) generated from Abelson leukemia virus cell-line cultures obtained from BALB/c mice. RAW 264.7 cells, which are capable of both pinosity and phytocytosis, are the appropriate models of macrophages. RAW 264.7 cells may enhance the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the process of cell phagocytosis in response to LPS stimulation. These cells may also eliminate target cells or pathogens via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity

Susanto et al. [69] and Taciak et al. [70]

Reduce cholesterol levels (antihypercholesterolemia)

By removing 17.86% of the cholesterol from the medium, the isolates obtained from tempoyak demonstrated the ability to bind cholesterol. Thus, it may reduce the prevalence of coronary artery disease

Pato and Surono [16]

Seven Lactobacillus strains of LAB from Tempoyak exhibited the capacity to remove cholesterol from the growing medium in the presence of bile salts (25.99–75.15%)

Khalil et al. [17]

Probiotic effect

Probiotic bacteria isolated from tempoyak have excellent effectiveness in acid tolerance and bile salts, antioxidants, anti-proliferation, and have the potential to inhibit the growth of the colorectal cancer cell line HT-29 Bax/Bcl-2 or NO production. Adherence of probiotic bacteria to the colonic epithelium prevents colonization by pathogenic microbes and may effectively influence the host immune system. An overview of the health advantages of probiotic LAB to the host is presented in Fig. 4

Chen et al. [15]

Reduce the formation of infections (food preservatives)

L. buchneri DSM 20057T isolated from tempoyak has the capacity to create sorbic and benzoic acids. Consequently, this strain viable for preservatives in food by limiting the development of harmful bacteria

Salleh et al. [37] and Chuah et al. [41]

Antimicrobial activity for pathogenic microorganism

L. plantarum isolated from tempoyak showed antagonistic action against the viability of Staphylococcus aureus. L. plantarum which isolated from tempoyak can produce plantaricin, which is bactericidal

Widowati et al. [71]